The Navigation of Christopher Columbus and the Age of...

Before beginning the research for this work, I had planned on producing a paper and presentation which detailed the history of open sea navigation and the difficulties and dangers which would have faced sailors and seamen during the Age of Discovery. My premise was that we, living in the twentifirst century, had lost touch with the reality of just how hazardous a voyage such as that undertaken by Columbus was. I had hoped to be able to capture for the listener and reader a sense of wonder at the bold willingness to risk life and limb that was demonstrated by the explorers of this era as they left the safety of the waters and oceans that they knew, to challenge the unknown. I had wanted to capture that feeling of†¦show more content†¦Columbus’ voyage to the West was a risk only in the sense that all sea voyages undertaken at this time placed those sailing at the mercy of the winds, the waves, and the weather, with the added possibility that either pirates or Muslims would be encountered. Navigation, and the navigators understanding of the world, had by this time developed to the point where Columbus was not stepping blindly into the abyss, but rather was choosing a course of action based on what was believed to be sure knowledge. The histories of navigation and sailing are intertwined in such a way that for the purpose of this study they cannot be separated. Also a part of this story are what I believe to be some intriguing possibilities regarding the peopling of the Americas and the rise of Native American civilizations. No one knows for certain either where, or when, man first began using floatation as a method of dealing with the rivers, streams, lakes, and other bodies of water that he found in the world around him. However, one can easily imagine a scenario in which early man discovered that a floating log, a matted bed of reeds, or some other buoyant object could be used to support his own weight in the water. What we do know is that some of humanitys oldest written histories and oralShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Mental World of Christopher Columbus911 Words   |  4 PagesWestern civilization 1 The Mental World Of Christopher Columbus Supported by Spain, seeking a water route to the spice islands in 1492 Christopher Columbus left Spain on his first voyage. After more then a month had passed, the crew started to loose all hope and the voyage seemed like a failure. Until on October 12, 1492 land was sighted. The land that was sighted was not what Columbus had originally intended to find. Columbus landed in the Caribbean Sea in the Bahamas, which was thousandsRead MoreThe Discovery Of The New World1178 Words   |  5 Pagestoday? To answer that question, Christopher Columbus is credited with the discovery of â€Å"The New World† as we know today as America. He is referred to as one of the greatest discovers’ during the Age of Discovery. Christopher Columbus is an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer. He was born in 1451 in the Republic of Genoa, Italy. He was the son of a wool merchant. When he was barely in his adolescent years, he worked with his father but later went to sea at the age of fourteen. He was at sea untilRead MoreWord Collision: Christopher Columbus and The Taino Natives1689 Words   |  7 Pageswould be a critical and strategic discovery for the strengthening Spanish empire during the 15th century under the rule of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile . 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The compass itself is a simple navigational instrument that contains a magnetic component that alignsRead MoreEssay on Christopher Columbus Influenced Spain and Europe2243 Words   |  9 Pagescentury was a time of change and Europe and Spain made the effort to move to the American lands. Spain and Europe did not know what to expect when it came to traveling to the new world. Soon came of Chistoforo Columbo or Cristobal Colon, born in 1446. Columbus as he is known after his death in 1506 changed the world for Europe, Spain and the New World. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the time of Europe many difficulties came across. The trade to the new word became a trade boom in the 15th century.Read MoreCauses Of The Age Of Exploration1112 Words   |  5 Pages The geographical exploration was a period of time when European states began exploring the world. 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The Return Shadow Souls Chapter 30 Free Essays

string(287) " saw the apple orchard, and the orange orchard, and the cherry orchard,† Bonnie told Elena, who was lying down, looking small and defenseless, in her four-poster bed, which had been hung with dusty-gold sheer panels, right now held back by heavy tassels in various shades of gold\." Matt watched Mrs. Flowers go over Sheriff Mossberg’s badge, holding it lightly in one hand and running her fingers over it with the other. The badge came from Rebecca, Sheriff Mossberg’s niece. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 30 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It had seemed entirely a coincidence when Matt had almost run into her earlier that day. Then he’d noticed that she was wearing a man’s shirt as a dress. The shirt had been familiar – a Ridgemont sheriff’s shirt. Then he had seen the badge still attached to it. You could say a lot of things about Sheriff Mossberg, but you couldn’t imagine him losing his badge. Matt had forgotten all sense of gallantry and snatched at the little metal shield before Rebecca could stop him. He’d had a sick feeling in his stomach then, and it had only gotten worse since. Mrs. Flowers’s expression was doing nothing to comfort him. â€Å"It wasn’t in direct contact with his skin,† she said softly, â€Å"so the images I get are hazy. But oh, my dear Matt† – she lifted shadowed eyes to his – â€Å"I am afraid.† She shivered, sitting at her kitchen table chair, where two mugs of hot spiced milk sat untouched. Matt had to clear his throat and touch the scalding milk to his lips. â€Å"You think we need to go out to look.† â€Å"We must,† said Mrs. Flowers. She shook her head, with its soft, wispy white curls, sadly. â€Å"Dear Ma ma is most insistent, and I can feel it too; a great disturbance in this artifact.† Matt felt the faintest shade of pride tingeing his fear for having secured the â€Å"artifact† – and then he thought, yeah, robbing badges from the shirts of twelve-year-old girls is really something to be proud of. Mrs. Flowers’s voice came from the kitchen. â€Å"You’d best put on several shirts and sweaters as well as a pair of these.† She emerged sideways through the kitchen door, holding several long coats, apparently from the closet in front of the kitchen door, and several pairs of gardening gloves. Matt jumped up to help her with the armfuls of coats and then went into a coughing fit as the smell of mothballs and of – something else, something spicy – surrounded him. â€Å"Why do – I feel – like Christmas?† he said, forced to cough between each few words. â€Å"Oh, now that would be Great-Aunt Morwen’s clove preservation recipe,† Mrs. Flowers replied. â€Å"Some of these coats are from Mother’s time.† Matt believed her. â€Å"But it’s still warm out. Why should we wear coats at all?† â€Å"For protection, dear Matt, for protection! These clothes have spells woven into the material to safeguard us from evil.† â€Å"Even the gardening gloves?† Matt asked doubtfully. â€Å"Even the gloves,† Mrs. Flowers said firmly. She paused and then said in a quiet voice, â€Å"And we’d better gather some flashlights, Matt dear, because this is something we’re going to have to do in the darkness.† â€Å"You’re kidding!† â€Å"No, sadly, I am not. And we should get some rope to tie ourselves together. Under no circumstances must we enter the thicket of the Old Wood tonight.† An hour later, Matt was still thinking. He hadn’t had any appetite for Mrs. Flowers’s hearty Braised Eggplant au Fromage dinner, and the wheels in his brain just wouldn’t stop turning. I wonder if this is how Elena feels, he thought, when she’s putting together Plans A, B, and C. I wonder if she ever feels this stupid doing it. He felt a tightening around his heart, and for the three-hundred-thousandth time since he’d left her and Damon, he wondered if he’d done the right thing. It had to be right, he told himself. It hurt the worst, and that’s the proof of it. Things that really, really hurt are the right thing to do. But I just wanted to say good-bye to her†¦. But if you’d said good-bye, you’d never have left. Face it, moron, as far as Elena goes you’re the world’s biggest loser. Ever since she found a boyfriend she liked better than you, you’ve been working like you were Meredith and Bonnie to help her keep him and keep away The Bad Guy. Maybe you should get you all little matching T-shirts saying: I am a dog. I serve the Princess Ele – SMACK! Matt leaped up, and landed crouching, which was more painful than it looked in movies. Rattle-Smick! It was the loose shutter on the other side of the room. That first bang had really been a slam, though. The exterior of the boardinghouse was in pretty bad shape, and the wooden shutters there sometimes suddenly came free of their wintertime nails. But was it really just a coincidence? Matt thought, as soon as his heart had stopped galloping. In this boardinghouse where Stefan had spent so much time? Maybe somehow there were still remnants of his spirit around, tuned to what people thought within these halls. If so, Matt had just been given a solid whack to the solar plexus, from the way he felt. Sorry, bud, he thought, almost saying it out loud. I didn’t mean to trash your girl. She’s under a lot of pressure. Trash his girl? Trash Elena? Hell, he’d be the first person to knock out anybody who trashed Elena. Provided Stefan didn’t use vampire tricks to get in front of him! And what was it Elena always said? You can’t be too prepared. You can’t have too many subplans because, just as sure as God made a pesky shell around a peanut, your major plan was going to have some flaws. That was why Elena also worked with as many people as possible. So what if C and D workers never needed to get involved. They were there if they were needed. Thinking this, and with his head feeling a lot clearer than it had since he had sold the Prius and given Stefan’s money to Bonnie and Meredith for plane fare plus, Matt went to work. â€Å"And then we took a walk around the estate, and saw the apple orchard, and the orange orchard, and the cherry orchard,† Bonnie told Elena, who was lying down, looking small and defenseless, in her four-poster bed, which had been hung with dusty-gold sheer panels, right now held back by heavy tassels in various shades of gold. You read "The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 30" in category "Essay examples" Bonnie was sitting comfortably in a gold upholstered chair that had been drawn to the bed. She had her small bare feet up on the sheets. Elena was not being a good patient. She wanted to get up, she insisted. She wanted to be able to walk around. That would do her more good than all the oatmeal and steak and milk and five-times-a-day visits from Dr. Meggar, who had come to live at the estate. She knew what they were all really afraid of, though. Bonnie had blurted it all out in one long sobbing, keening wail one night when the little redhead had been on duty beside her. â€Å"Y-you screamed and all the v-vampires heard it, and Sage just picked up Meredith and me like two kittens, one under each arm, and he ran to where the screaming was. But b-by then so many people had gotten to you first! You were unconscious but so was Damon, and somebody said, ‘They-they’ve been attacked and I th-think they’re dead!’ And every-b-body was s-saying, ‘Call the G-Guardians!’ And I fainted, a little.† â€Å"Shhh,† Elena had said kindly – and cannily. â€Å"Have some Black Magic to make it feel better.† Bonnie had had some. And some more. And then she’d gone on with the story. â€Å"But Sage must’ve known something because he said, ‘Here, I’m a doctor, and I’m going to examine them.’ And you would really believe him, the way he said it!† â€Å"And then he looked at both of you, and I guess he knew right away what happened, because he said, ‘Fetch a carriage! I need to take them t-to Dr. Meggar, my colleague.’ And the Lady Fazina herself came and said that they could have one of her carriages, and just send it back wh-whenever. She’s sooooo rich! And then, we got you two out the back way because there were – were some bastards who said, let them die. They were real demons, white like snow, called Snow Women. And then, then, we were just in the carriage and, oh my God! Elena! Elena, you died! You stopped breathing twice! And Sage and Meredith just kept doing CPR on you. And I – I prayed so h-h-hard.† Elena, fully into the story by now, had cuddled her, but Bonnie’s tears kept coming back. â€Å"And we knocked at Dr. Meggar’s as if we were going to burst the door in – and – and someone told him – and he examined her and said, ‘She needs a transfusion.’ And I said, ‘Take my blood.’ Because remember in school when we both gave blood to Jody Wright and we were practically the only ones who could do it because we were the same kind? And then Dr. Meggar got two tables ready like that† – Bonnie had snapped her fingers – â€Å"and I was so scared I could hardly hold still for the needle, but I did. I did, somehow! And they gave you some of my blood. And, meanwhile, you know what Meredith did? She let Damon bite her. She really did. And Dr. Meggar sent the carriage back to the house to ask for servants who ‘wanted a bonus’ because th-that’s what it’s called here – and the carriage came back full. And I don’t know how many Damon bit, but it was a lot! Dr. Meggar said it was the best medicine. And Meredith and Damon and all of us talked and we convinced Dr. Meggar to come here, I mean to live, and Lady Ulma is going to turn that whole building he was living in into a hospital for the poor people. And ever after that we’ve just been trying to get you well. Damon was fine the next morning. And Lady Ulma and Lucen and he – I mean it was their idea but he did it, sent this pearl to Lady Fazina – it was one that her father had never found a client rich enough to buy, because it’s so big, like a good handful in size but irregular, that means with twists and turns, and a sheen like silver. They put it on a thick chain and sent it to her.† Bonnie’s eyes had filled again. â€Å"Because she saved both you and Damon. Her carriage saved your lives.† Bonnie had leaned forward to whisper, â€Å"And Meredith told me – it’s a secret, but not from you – that being bitten isn’t that bad. There!† And Bonnie, like the kitten she was, had yawned and stretched. â€Å"I would have been bitten next,† she’d said almost wistfully, and quickly added, â€Å"but you needed my blood. Human blood, but mine especially. I guess they know all about blood types here because they can taste and smell the differences.† Then she gave a little jump and said, â€Å"Do you want to look at the fox key half? We were so sure it was all over and we’d never ever find it, but when Meredith went in the bedroom to get bitten – and I promise that was all they did – Damon gave it to her and asked her to keep it. So she did and she took good care of it and it’s in a little chest Lucen made out of something that looks like plastic but it’s not.† Elena had admired the little crescent, but other than that there was nothing to do in bed but talk and read classical books or encyclopedias from Earth. They wouldn’t even let her and Damon rest in the same room. Elena knew why. They were afraid she wouldn’t just talk to Damon. They were afraid that she would get near to him and smell his exotic familiar smell, made up of Italian bergamot, mandarin, and cardamom, and that she would look up into his black eyes that could hold universes inside the pupils, and that her knees would go weak and she’d wake up a vampire. They didn’t know anything! She and Damon had been safely exchanging blood for weeks before the crisis. If there was nothing to drive him out of sanity again, the way the pain had before, he would conduct himself like a perfect gentleman. â€Å"Hm,† Bonnie said, upon hearing this protest, pushing a tiny throw pillow around with toenails that had been painted silver. â€Å"I maybe wouldn’t tell them that you’ve been exchanging blood so many times from the beginning. It might make them go ‘Aha!’ or something. You know, read something into it.† â€Å"There’s nothing to read into. I’m here to collect my beloved Damon and Stefan is just helping me.† Bonnie looked at her with her brows knitted and her mouth pursed, but didn’t venture a word. â€Å"Bonnie?† â€Å"Um-hm?† â€Å"Did I just say what I thought I said?† â€Å"Um-hm.† Elena, with one motion, gathered an armful of pillows and deposited them on her face. â€Å"Could you please tell chef that I want another steak and a big glass of milk?† she requested in a muffled voice from under the pillows. â€Å"I’m not well.† Matt had a new junk car. He was always able to get his hands on one when he really needed it. And now he was driving, in fits and starts, to Obaasan’s house. Mrs. Saitou’s house, he corrected himself hastily. He didn’t want to tread on unfamiliar cultural customs, not when he was asking for a favor. The door at the Saitous’ was opened by a woman Matt had never seen before. She was an attractive woman, dressed very dramatically in a wide scarlet skirt – or maybe in very wide scarlet pants – she stood with her feet so far apart that it was hard to tell. She wore a white blouse. Her face was striking: two swaths of straight black hair and a smaller, neater swath of bangs that came to her eyebrows. But the most striking thing of all about her was that she was holding a long curved sword, pointed directly at Matt. â€Å"H-hi,† Matt said, when the door swung open to reveal this apparition. â€Å"This is a good house,† the woman replied. â€Å"This is not a house of evil spirits.† â€Å"I never thought it was,† Matt said, retreating as the woman advanced. â€Å"Honest.† The woman shut her eyes, seemed to be searching for something in her own mind. Then, abruptly, she lowered the sword. â€Å"You speak the truth. You mean no harm. Please come in.† â€Å"Thank you,† Matt said. He’d never been so happy to have an older woman accept him. â€Å"Orime,† came a thin, feeble voice from upstairs. â€Å"Is that one of the children?† â€Å"Yes, Hahawe,† called the woman that Matt couldn’t help thinking of as â€Å"the woman with the sword.† â€Å"Send him up, why don’t you?† â€Å"Of course, Hahawe.† â€Å"Ha ha – I mean ‘Hahawe’?† Matt said, turning a nervous laugh into a desperate sentence as the sword swung by his midriff again. â€Å"Not Obaasan?† The sword-woman smiled for the first time. â€Å"Obaasan means grandmother. Hahawe is one of the ways to say mother. But mother won’t mind at all if you call her Obaasan; it’s a friendly greeting for a woman of her age.† â€Å"Okay,† Matt said, trying his best to seem like an all-around friendly guy. Mrs. Saitou gestured him up the stairs and he peeped into several rooms before he found one with a large futon in the exact middle of a completely bare floor, and in it a woman who seemed so tiny and doll-like as not to be real. Her hair was just as soft and black as the sword-woman’s downstairs. It was put up or arranged somehow so that it lay around her like a halo as she lay on the bed. But the dark lashes on the pale cheeks were shut and Matt wondered if she had fallen into one of the sudden slumbers of the elderly. But then quite abruptly, the doll-like lady opened her eyes and smiled. â€Å"Why, it’s Masato-chan!† she said, looking at Matt. Bad beginning. If she didn’t even recognize that a blond guy wasn’t her Japanese friend from about sixty years ago†¦ But then she was laughing, with her small hands in front of her mouth. â€Å"I know, I know,† she said. â€Å"You’re not Masato. He became a banker, very rich. Very thick. Especially in the head and the stomach.† She smiled at him again. â€Å"Sit down, please. You can call me Obaasan if you want, or Orime. My daughter was named for me. But life has been hard for her, as it was for me. Being a shrine maiden – and a samurai†¦it takes discipline and much work. And my Orime did so well†¦until we came here. We were looking for a town that would be peaceful and quiet. Instead, Isobel found†¦Jim. And Jim was†¦untrue.† Matt’s throat swelled with the desire to defend his friend, but what defense could there be? Jim had spent one night with Caroline – at Caroline’s pressing invitation. And he had become possessed and had brought that possession to his girlfriend Isobel, who had pierced her body grotesquely – among other things. â€Å"We’ve got to get them,† Matt found himself saying earnestly. â€Å"The kitsune who started it all – who started it with Caroline. Shinichi and his sister Misao.† â€Å"Kitsune.† Obaasan was nodding her head. â€Å"Yes, I said there would be one involved from the very beginning. Let me see; I blessed some charms and amulets for your friends†¦.† â€Å"And some bullets. I just sort of filled my pockets,† Matt said, embarrassed, as he spilled out a jumble of different calibers on the edge of her futon cover. â€Å"I even found some prayers on the Web about getting rid of them.† â€Å"Yes, you’ve been very thorough. Good.† Obaasan looked at the hard copies he’d printed of the prayers. Matt squirmed, knowing that he had only been running down Meredith’s To-Do list, and that the credit really belonged to her. â€Å"I’ll bless the bullets first and then I’ll write out more amulets,† she said. â€Å"Put the amulets wherever you need protection most. And, well, I suppose you know what to do with the bullets.† â€Å"Yes, ma’am!† Matt fumbled in his pockets for the last few, put them into Obaasan’s outstretched hands. Then she chanted a long, elaborate prayer holding her tiny hands out over the bullets. Matt didn’t find the incantation frightening, but he knew that as a psychic he was a dud, and that Bonnie had probably seen and heard things he couldn’t. â€Å"Should I aim for any particular part of them?† Matt asked, watching the old woman and trying to follow along on his own copy of the prayers. â€Å"No, any part of the body or head will do. If you take out a tail, you’ll make it weaker, but you’ll enrage it, as well.† Obaasan paused and coughed, a small dry old-lady cough. Before Matt could offer to run downstairs and get her a drink, Mrs. Saitou entered the room with a tray and three cups of tea in little bowls. â€Å"Thank you for waiting,† she said politely as she knelt fluidly to serve them. Matt found with the first sip that the steaming green tea was much better than he’d expected from his few experiences at restaurants. And then there was silence. Mrs. Saitou sat looking at the teacup, Obaasan lay looking white and shrunken under the futon cover, and Matt felt a storm of words building up in his own throat. Finally, even though good sense was counseling him not to speak, he burst out, â€Å"God, I’m so sorry about Isobel, Mrs. Saitou! She doesn’t deserve any of this! I just wanted you to know that I – I’m just so sorry, and I’m going to get the kitsune who’s at the bottom of it. I promise you, I’ll get him!† â€Å"Kitsune?† Mrs. Saitou said sharply, staring at him as if he’d gone mad. Obaasan looked on in pity from her pillow. Then, without waiting to gather up the tea things, Mrs. Saitou jumped up and ran out of the room. Matt was left speechless. â€Å"I – I – â€Å" Obaasan spoke from her pillow. â€Å"Don’t be too distressed, young man. My daughter, although a priestess, is very modern in her outlook. She would probably tell you that kitsune don’t even exist.† â€Å"Even after – I mean how does she think Isobel – ?† â€Å"She thinks that there are evil influences in this town, but of the ‘ordinary, human’ kind. She thinks Isobel did what she did because of the stress she was under, trying to be a good student, a good priestess, a good samurai.† â€Å"You mean, like, Mrs. Saitou feels guilty?† â€Å"She blames Isobel’s father for much of it. He is a ‘salaryman’ back in Japan.† Obaasan paused. â€Å"I don’t know why I have told you all this.† â€Å"I’m sorry,† Matt said hastily. â€Å"I wasn’t trying to snoop.† â€Å"No, but you care about other people. I wish Isobel had had a boy like you instead of her daughter.† Matt thought of the pitiful figure he’d seen at the hospital. Most of Isobel’s scars would end up invisible under her clothes – presuming she learned to speak again. Bravely, he said, â€Å"Well, I’m still up for grabs.† Obaasan smiled faintly at him, then put her head back down on the pillow – no, it was a wooden headrest, Matt realized. It didn’t look very comfortable. â€Å"It’s a great pity when there has to be strife between a human family and the kitsune,† she said. â€Å"Because there are rumors that one of our ancestors took a kitsune wife.† â€Å"Say what?† Obaasan laughed, again behind concealing fists. â€Å"Mukashi-mukashi, or as you say, long ago in the times of legend, a great Shogun became angy at all the kitsune on his estate for the mischief they made. For many long years they were up to all sorts of pranks, but when he suspected them of ruining the crops in the fields, that was it. He roused every man and woman in his household, and told them to take sticks and arrows and rocks and hoes and brooms and flush out all the foxes that had dens on his estate, even the ones between the attic and the roof. He was going to have every single fox killed without mercy. But the night before he did this, he had a dream in which a beautiful woman came and said she was responsible for all the foxes on the estate. ‘And,’ she said, ‘while it is true that we make mischief, we repay you by eating the rats and mice and insects that really spoil the crops. Won’t you agree to take your anger out just on me and execute me al one instead of all the foxes? I will come at dawn to hear your answer.’ â€Å"And she kept her word, this most beautiful of kitsune, arriving at dawn with twelve beautiful maidens as attendants, but she outshone all of them just as the moon outshines a star. The Shogun could not bring himself to kill her, and in fact asked for her hand in marriage, and married her twelve attendants to his twelve most loyal retainers as well. And it is said that she was always a faithful wife, and bore him many children as fierce as Amaterasu the sun goddess, and as beautiful as the moon, and that this continued until one day the Shogun was on a journey and he happened to accidentally kill a fox. He hurried home to explain to his wife that it hadn’t been intentional, but when he arrived he found his household in mourning, for his wife had already left him, with all his sons and daughters.† â€Å"Oh, too bad,† Matt muttered, trying to be polite, when his brain elbowed him in the ribs. â€Å"Wait. But if they all left†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I see you’re an attentive young man,† the delicate old woman laughed. â€Å"All his sons and daughters were gone†¦except the youngest, a girl of peerless beauty, although she was just a child. She said, ‘I love you too much to leave you, dear father, even if I must wear a human shape all my life.’ And that is how we are said to be descended from a kitsune.† â€Å"Well, these kitsune aren’t just causing mischief or ruining crops,† Matt said. â€Å"They’re out to kill. And we have to fight back.† â€Å"Of course, of course. I didn’t mean to upset you with my little story,† Obaasan said. â€Å"I’ll write out those amulets for you now.† It was as Matt was leaving that Mrs. Saitou appeared at the door. She put something into his hand. He glanced down at it and saw the same calligraphy that Obaasan had given him. Except that it was much smaller and written on†¦ â€Å"A Post-it note?† Matt asked, bewildered. Mrs. Saitou nodded. â€Å"Very useful for slapping on the faces of demons or the limbs of trees or such.† And, as he stared at her in complete amazement, â€Å"My mother doesn’t know all there is to know about everything.† She also handed him a sturdy dagger, smaller than the sword she was still carrying, but very serviceable – Matt immediately cut himself on it. â€Å"Put your faith in friends and your instincts,† she said. Slightly dazed, but feeling encouraged, Matt drove to Dr. Alpert’s house. How to cite The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 30, Essay examples

Analyzing Supply Chain Activities of Mulberry

Question: Discuss about the Analyzing Supply Chain Activities of Mulberry. Answer: Introduction The report aims to discuss the interfacing areas of logistics with the three core functional areas (marketing, production, finance) of an organization Mulberry. The report would also analyze the order processing system of the company by studying the current process, identifying the challenges and recommend solution for the same. Further, the report would discuss the existing supply chain system of Mulberry to identify the challenges faced by the company and provide recommendations for the same. Mulberry: Company Overview Mulberry was founded by Roger Saul in the year 1971 in United Kingdom. The company produces leather goods with its USP as womens handbags. Mulberry is known internationally for its British lifestyle brand. It produces a range of leather products for men and women. Its product range includes womens handbags, pouches, purses, accessories, shoes, clothing, mens bag, accessories, shoes and other mens and women leather products. It has established its brand image for producing highly-crafted fine leather goods. Mulberry has strategically positioned itself in the minds of the consumer for premium quality bags and accessories for youths and females. This has supported the growth of the company in terms of sales and revenue which is spurted during the peak season (Mulberry, 2016). Mulberry faced the challenge of automated warehouse processes which could not help to achieve economies of scale. The company partnered with Manhattan Associates to achieve efficient warehouse and store more stock. Manhattan system benefitted the company through better inventory control, enhanced utilization of warehouse storage space and deployment of labor (Manhattan Associates). Mulberry is one of the listed companies on the London Stock Exchange. Its apprenticeship program helps the youngsters to explore job opportunities through its training and placement at the company sites. The Logistics - Marketing Interfaces Logistics interfacing with marketing includes forecasting of demand, warehousing, product packaging, stock of finished goods, outbound transportation and after sales support. Logistics and marketing together contribute towards increased customer satisfaction which results in higher company profits. Logistics is considered as the other half of marketing because both the activities aim towards providing the product to the consumer. Price, promotion, product and place are the four Ps of marketing mix. The marketing mix place is connected to logistics because a customer might be convinced by the promotions and advertisements but cannot buy the product until and unless it is available at the stores (Riccio, 2011). On the other hand, logistics and supply chain is affected by a weak marketing campaign because if people are not interested to buy the product then the inventory investment would be affected. Mulberry has to maintain the location of the handbag stores in order to attract to target audience. Other than place, logistics also have an impact on the final price of the products of Mulberry. The costs of transportation and distribution are considered to calculate the price of the product (Riccio, 2011). Further, out of stock also has an impact on the brand image of the Mulberry and customer tends to give up their buying decision. This may result in losing the customer permanently. Mulberry has been consistently thriving towards managing its inventory control to reduce the prices of its handbags. Logistics is affected by the various sizes and shapes of Mulberry products in the process of achieving economies of scale (Riccio, 2011). Lastly promotional activities have an impact on the logistics and needs to be communicated to the logistics department to maintain the brand image. Logistics Interface with Finance and Accounting Logistics interfacing with finance and accounting includes budget and allocation of the resources of organization. Every organization thrives towards eliminating the layers of cost from their logistics process. Mulberry has also been struggling for the same to achieve its economies of scale. The activities of supply chain are affected by the financial decision of Mulberry which aims towards cost reduction and profit maximization. The logistics process has a huge impact on the company profits, cash flow, cost of product and risk management. It is an important factor to improve the financial performance of the company. Mulberry uses vendor-managed inventory system to increase its revenue by thirty to forty percent. Vendor managed inventory system gives the liberty to suppliers to manage the on-site inventory. VMI system helps to achieve the economies of scale and increase the company revenue by increasing the product sales (Trunick, 2011). Logistics Interface with Production Logistics interfacing with production include inbound transportation, raw material stock, process scheduling and warehousing. The storage of raw material and inventory control depends upon the production quantity of Mulberry. Inbound transportation is an important activity of supply chain system because it maintains the relationship with the key suppliers. Inbound transportation is affected by the production activities such as flow of raw material in the process, in-plant warehousing and others. Order Processing System Mulberry has an automated order processing system through which customers can easily place their orders through phone, email, internet or in person. Mulberrys order entry system takes the basic data which is required to process the order of the customer. Customer places an order through phone, email, internet or in person. The sales configuration system of the process takes care of the customers order and ensures customer satisfaction. Shipment planning system coordinates the product outflow by determining the orders lined in process and their location to be shipped. The system ensures that the consumer receives quality product on time. Automated inventory control system of Mulberry updates the stock to manage the inventory system and reflect the changes in inventory. The customers credibility is analyzed by looking up his address and other details including updated credit score. Invoice and Billing process calculates the amount to be paid by the customer by computing discounts, taxes and other charges to generate invoice. Mulberry maintains its long term relationships with the customers through customer relationship management system. The marketing and advertising activities influence the minds of consumer and position the product in the minds of the people. Further, the promotional activities and offers attract the customer through lucrative deals and discounts. After sales services ensure that the customers are satisfied to retain loyal customers. Mulberry has a specific routing system which determine the method to source the product from a different location. The company has an advanced scheduling system which schedules the delivery of goods and services. In spite of an automated order processing system, Mulberry still faces the challenge of providing timely delivery of products to the customers. Customers have become increasingly demanding in nature and expect the product to be delivered on time as a basic requirement. Due to complex processes and system, sometimes there is a delay in the product delivery which causes customer dissatisfaction. Though it is equally important to create new customers but retaining old customers is the fundamental necessity for an organization. Customer dissatisfaction may lead to loss of permanent customers which is a huge loss because companys eighty percent of the revenue is generated from the twenty percent of its old customers (Kruger, 2011). Timely delivery is a huge pressure for the company because of its complex supply chain system. It has been found that 58 percent of the purchasers tend to give up because the product was not delivered on time. Mulberry needs to take measures to improve its order processing system to provide timely delivery of the products. Recommendations Real-time visibility and order updates Mulberry must adopt real-time visibility to provide timely delivery of its products and services by tracking the order id of the customers (Chung, 2016). This would ensure timely delivery of services which would lead to customer satisfaction. Reduce Cycle Time and Improve Efficiency Time is very critical while processing a order and the organization should also try to reduce its time of order cycle to improve the efficiency of the overall process. Mulberry Inventory Management System Mulberry was facing the challenge of ineffective inventory control because of various issues. Mulberry was not able to deploy labor effectively which did not support efficient picking. After analyzing the problems, Mulberry resorted to the solution to partner with Manhattan Associates to improve its inventory control (Manhattan Associates, 2016). Manhattans software system enabled the company to meet the demands of the customer by maintaining its inventory control. Mulberry is now able satisfy the customer demands by dispatching timely consignment (ERP Search, 2016). Mulberry Inventory Management System operates on the following concepts: Demand forecasting helps to balance supply and customer demand by maintaining minimum inventory in the system. It forecasts the demand by analyzing the season patterns to fulfill the customer demand. It has the ability to capture the trends and patterns of the market and then responding to them with an adaptive Unified Forecasting Method. It has the feature of maintaining the integrity of the system and thus removes any duplication. It also takes into account the exceptional factors in order to determine the correct demand. Its Proprietary Unified Forecasting Method helps to sense the trend and demand patterns. Financial planning helps to plan and forecast the performance of the organization which helps to determine the quantity of inventory to be maintained through step-by-step workflows. Item planning helps to synchronize item and assortment plans in order to inform the planners to make the required amendments in the plan. The system functionality involves making of purchase orders, relocating, adjusting and disposing of the inventory, making sales orders, picking, packing and shipping, counting the physical inventory, running and scheduling reports and then finally printing the barcode labels. Manhattan SCALE helped the organization to switch to IT based approach for inventory management (Logistics and Supply Chain, 2013). The company was able to meet the demands of the customers during peak season (Retail Technology, 2010). Manhattan SCALE has been employed to provide the following services: Manhattan system ensures inventory control by efficiently managing the stock and tracking the serial number of the products (Manhattan Associates, 2016). The system reduces the cost of the process by eliminating the layers which increases the process cost (Manhattan Associates, 2016). The system has an integrated transportation system which ensures freight bill reconciliation and other activities are in place (Manhattan Associates, 2016). The Manhattan system integrates different channels to increase the overall efficiency of the process. The system maintains the stock in advance so as to meet the demand of consumers. Its constraint based selection and real-time replenishment supports a better inventory control. It also uses advanced order cartonization to ensure timely and accurate delivery (Manhattan Associates, 2016). Mulberry has achieved its economies of scale by partnering with Manhattan Associates and has created an effective inventory management system to meet the customer demands. The biggest challenge that the organization is facing is that it is unable to manage the inventory level across the channels which includes web, catalog, stores and other channels. Omni-channel planning would help the company to manage its inventory level across all the channels. The system would ensure promotion planning across all channels of Mulberry through its channel specific hierarchies and planning metrics. The system quickly compiles the what-if situations to reforecast the inventory at every level of the business. The system would maintain the consistency of planning and development at every level of the organization. Further, the system ensures the accurate reflection of inventory across the channels by tracking individual channel. Conclusion The report has successfully analyzed the supply chain process and logistics interface with marketing, production and finance department of Mulberry. Logistics is directly connected to the marketing and advertising of Mulberry. The raw material and inventory control is affected by the production and manufacturing processes of the organization. Budget planning and resource allocation interfaces with the finance and accounting department. Further, Mulberrys automated order processing system takes the order from the customer and updates the inventory to reflect the change. Its shipment planning controls the outflow of product and routing system directs the flow of product from one location to other. Its invoicing and billing system generates the invoice of the customer after investigating the credibility of the customer. In spite of an automated system, Mulberry faces the issue of timely delivery of products and services for which it needs to integrate real-time visibility within the system. Mulberrys supply chain system has been upgraded by partnering with the Manhattan Associates. Manhattan SCALE has improved the overall efficiency of the supply chain system through its integrated transport system and reducing the different layers of the process. The system has supported the organization to achieve its economies of scale by utilizing the warehouse effectively. Though the changing consumer trends become a costly affair for the company for which Mulberry could integrate an ERP system within the process to reduce the cost. List of References Chung, S. (2016). Reducing Omni-Channel Challenges with Order Processing Software. Acctivate. Retrieved from: https://acctivate.com/order-processing-software-omni-channel/ ERP Search. (2016). An Independent Supply Chain Management Software Review. ERP Search. Retrieved from: https://www.erpsearch.com/manhattan-associates-review.php Esker. Challenges In Sales Order Processing. Esker: Document Process Automation. Retrieved From: https://www.esker.com/order-processing-automation-software/challenges.asp Intel. (2012). Transforming Intels Supply Chain to Meet Market Challenges. Intel IT. Retrieved from: https://www.intel.in/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/best-practices/transforming-supply-chain-to-meet-market-challenges.pdf Kruger, E.R. (2011). Top Market Strategy:Applying the 80/20 Rule. US: Business Expert Press. Logistics and Supply Chain. (2013). Mulberry implements demand and fulfillment system. Logistics and Supply Chain. Retrieved from: https://www.logisticsandsupplychain.com/4555-mulberry-implements-demand-and-fulfilment-system/ Manhattan Associates. (2016). Mulberry bags Manhattan Associates for supply chain success. Manhattan Associates. Retrieved from: https://www.manh.com/sites/default/files/sys/en-gb/document/manh-mulberry-and-manhattan-case-study-en-gb.pdf Manhattan Associates. (2016). Ranked best warehouse software for 8 consecutive years. Manhattan Associates. Retrieved from: https://www.manh.com/products/warehouse-management Mulberry. (2016). About Us. Mulberry. Retrieved from: https://www.mulberry.com/gb/about-us Om Prompt. (2016). Order Gaps. Om Prompt. Retrieved from: https://www.omprompt.com/order-gaps Pacmanfull. (2016). Invoicing Data Flow Diagram. Pacmanfull. Retrieved from: https://www.pacmanfull.com/invoicing/invoicing-data-flow-diagram Retail Technology. (2010). Mulberry bags supply chain IT for business growth. Retail Technology. Retrieved from: https://www.retailtechnology.co.uk/news/678/mulberry-bags-supply-chain-it-for-business-growth/ Retail Technology. (2013). Mulberry puts demand and fulfillment in cloud. Retail Technology. Retrieved from: https://www.retailtechnology.co.uk/news/4690/mulberry-puts-demand-and-fulfilment-in-cloud/ Riccio, E.F. (2011). Logistics Today: The logistics - marketing interface. Ukraine Business Online. Retrieved from: https://www.ukrainebusiness.com.ua/news/2532.html Sourcing Journal. (2015). Top Five Issues Facing Retail Supply Chains. Sourcing Journal. Retrieved from: https://sourcingjournalonline.com/top-five-issues-facing-retail-supply-chains-cbx/ Trunick, P.A. (2011). Finance The Supply Chain: Show Me The Money. Inbound Logistics. Retrieved from: https://www.inboundlogistics.com/cms/article/finance-and-the-supply-chain-show-me-the-money/

Unethical Behavior in Accounting free essay sample

Accounting could best be described as a type of mechanism or language put in place in order to provide information with regards to the financial position of an organization or business. This type of information is critical to investors as it provides them with important and detailed information that could turn out to be the determining factor as to their decisions to invest or not to invest in a particular organization. Therefore, it is not uncommon to find unethical behavior in accounting as unethical practices come in different forms. Different situations that might lead to unethical practices in accounting include: †¢Misleading financial analysis in order to obtain personal gains †¢Misuse of funds †¢Exaggerating revenue †¢Purposely providing erroneous information in regards to expenses †¢Exaggerating the value of corporate assets †¢Purposely providing erroneous information in regards to liabilities †¢Securities fraud †¢Bribery Manipulation of financial markets †¢Inside trading Two examples of unethical practices in accounting are those of the 2002 Enron / Andersen and the WorldCom scandal. We will write a custom essay sample on Unethical Behavior in Accounting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both of these companies were involved in unethical accounting practices. While Enron was accused of a vast number of shady dealings that included concealing debts in order keep them from being reflected on the company’s accounts, WorldCom’s accounting practices were so fraudulent that the company was led into the largest bankruptcy in history. Unethical accounting practices and scandals of the caliber of the Enron / Andersen and the WorldCom scandals is what led the U. S. government to get involved and at the same time contributed to the government’s creation of the Sarbanes – Oxley Act of 2002. The Sarbanes – Oxley Act was created by the government with the intention to bring to an end unethical behavior by implementing strict auditing rules in accounting. However, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 addresses problems in the private sector; it does not address concerns in the public sector. The act has a noticeable impact on financial statements and it is to the benefit of investors, as the Sarbanes – Oxley act helps protect investors by forcing firms to disclose accurate information in regards to corporate disclosure, specifically that of financial statements.

The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark Essay Example

The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark Essay Example The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark Paper The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark Paper Essay Topic: The Prince Watchmen The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark Introduction: In the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare people can see Hamlet the main protagonist who is the son of the king Hamlet and Queen Gertrude and the nephew of the new king Claudius. These are the most important characters in the play: Hamlet is a sad, cynical, discontented, 30 year old man who is totally sickening of his mother sexuality. Claudius is this uncle who is the antagonist in the story. He is the villain of the play, he is manipulative, striving politician he has no love for human kind. Although, his love for Gertrude is frank. Gertrude is the Queen of the Denmark she recently got married to Claudius. Gertrude loves her son Hamlet. However, she has no morals or reality. Polonius is the Lord of Chamberlain of Claudius’s court, a pretentious manipulative old man. He is father of Laertes and Ophelia. Ophelia is Polonius daughter. She follows her father and brother’s rules; she is a very innocent and young girl who falls the need to follow directions from her dad and her brother. The ghost is the specter of Hamlet’s father. I didn’t really understand if the Ghost is Hamlet’s father or something evil. The ghost wants revenge for the murder Hamlet’s father who has been killed by Claudius. Other characters in the play are: Horatio, the Lord Chamberlain; Laertes, Ophelia’s brother; Fortinbras, Prince of Norway; Rosencrantz and Guildenstern friends of Hamlet; Osric the courtier, Voltimand and Cornelius these people were send by Claudius to persuade the king to prevent Fortinbras from attacking; Marcellus and Bernardo, the officers; Francisco, a soldier and guardsman at Elsinore; Reynaldo, Polonius’s servant. These characters are all less significant in the play and have at the play a small part. The play (summary) in my opinion: Hamlet is the king of Denmark. His life becomes a tragedy after the death of his father. Hamlet feels a responsibility to avenge his father’s murder by killing his uncle Claudius, however Claudius is now the king very well protected. Also, Hamlet struggles with his doubts. On a winter nigh a ghost walks the rampart of Elsinore Castle in Denmark. Discovered first by a pair of watchmen, then by the scholar Horatio, the ghost resembles the recently deceased King Hamlet, whose brother Claudius has hereditary the throne and married the king’s widow, Queen Gertrude. When Horatio and the watchmen bring Prince Hamlet, the son of Gertrude and the dead king, to see the ghost, it speaks to him, declaring worryingly that it is indeed his father’s spirit, and that he was murdered by none other than Claudius, ordering Hamlet to seek revenge. About whether he can trust the ghost and whether killing Claudius is the appropriate thing to do. Hamlet the prince works toward revenge for his father death. Laertes lives most of his life in Paris. Polonius tells Reynaldo to spy on his son. Polonius believes that Hamlet’s odd behavior is because Ophelia has rejected him. Kings Claudius is suspecting that something is wrong with Hamlet; Gertrude reveals that Hamlet is odd because she married him. King Claudius asks Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to find out what is happing to Hamlet. Hamlet plans to use the play to see if kings Claudius really killed his father King Hamlet as the ghost had told him. Hamlet starts really working towards his revenge. The first step is the play he makes sure that King Claudius and Queen Gertrude come to see the play which he has added additional too. Kings Claudius shows that his fear toward Hamlet is growing. He sends Hamlet to England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern just to protect himself. He reveals in his own ways that he has poisoned King Hamlet. He is very afraid of Prince Hamlet. Hamlet is very frustrated with his mom’s behavior and his deceased father dead. They get to into an argument why she was with Polonius. Polonius body gets hidden behind a tapestry. Queen Gertrude attempts to scold her son but Hamlet is very mad because her actions and Polonius echoes however Hamlet stabbed him through the arras. Ophelia goes insane because the death of her father and goes mad and drowns her in the river. King Claudius explains to Laertes that Hamlet killed his father, Polonius. Claudius concoct a plan to use Laertes revenge of this father death to kill Prince Hamlet. Prince Hamlet after hearing about Ophelia death returns to Denmark. At Ophelia’s funeral the priest reveals that a widely held belief Ophelia committed suicide. Hamlet is devastated because the loss of his father and now Ophelia. Hamlet fights Laertes at Ophelia’s grave. Later, Hamlet fights against Laertes at the castle. Claudius tries to kill Hamlet with a poisoned drink the same way he killed King Hamlet. Instead Prince Hamlet, Gertrude takes a drink from it and is killed by the poison immediately. Laertes dies in the third round at the duel. They exchange swords while they are fighting and Laertes tells Hamlet that his sword is poisoned so Hamlet goes after Claudius and kills him. Laertes also tells Hamlet that King Claudius is responsible for his mom’s death. Hamlet is moved by his anger, he kills King Claudius with the same sword that was poised and makes the king drink his owns poised wine. While Hamlet was dying he tells Horatio to tell his tragedy story and Prince Hamlet recommends Fortibras to be the next king of Denmark.

Abigail Adams Chapter Guide

It explains why she is so focused on her family and John later in her life. It also explains her penname â€Å"Diana† and her love for literature and being involved in politics, after being taught to read at a young age. Chapter 2: John * Abigail and John were married on October 25, 1764. The maim point of this chapter is to show the love developing between John and Abigail. The way they were not attracted to each other at first explains why they work together so well. They have different views on things so they balance each other out. Their love for each other also sets up their depression during their separation later in their lives. Chapter 3: Wife and Mother * Abigail and John had six children: Abigail, John Quincy, Susanna, Charles, Thomas, and Elizabeth (stillborn). The main point of this chapter is to show the Adams family growing. Abigail’s deep connection to her kids at such a young age explains her sadness later on in her life when they are no longer with her, especially when her sons begin to leave home with their father to help with his politics and see the world. It also explains her connection to Nabby, since after Susanna and Elizabeth died young; Nabby was the only Adams daughter. Chapter 4: Politics * John elected representative to Massachusetts legislature, then later chosen as a delegate to the Continental Congress. Chapter 5: War Abigail had to raise her kids and deal with the family farm buy herself while John was away in Philadelphia. Chapter 6: Independence * Abigail used her influence over John to fight for women’s’ rights and representation during the drafting of the Constitution. * John was elected commissioner to France. Chapter 7: A Woman’s Sacrifice * While John was away in Europe, Abigail once again had to run her household on her own, which put her into a depression. Chapter 8: The Long Separation * After his commission to France, John was elected minister plenipotentiary which extended his stay in Europe. Chapter 9: Years of Decision * While John was in Europe, Abigail couldn’t decide whether or not to join him, but when he was commissioned to negotiate a treaty of commerce with Great Britain, she and Nabby decided to go and join him in Europe. * Nabby fell in love with Royall Tyler so the trip was also to see if their love would last. Chapter 10: Europe * Abigail liked London because of the class but disliked Paris because she thought it was dirty and the people were rude. * The servants did less in Europe, so it was more expensive to run a household ,which frustrated Abigail. John was then appointed minister to London by congress. Chapter 11: â€Å"The Ambassadress† * Abigail was overwhelmed by the wealth of the royal court in London. * She and John were not used to the expenses of clothing, servants, and hosting dinners for other dignitaries. This was made even worse by the low salary John was being paid by Congress. Chapter 12: A Homesick American * In London, Abigai l continued to miss American and her easy-going life in the countryside because she felt confined in the city in London. Chapter 13: The Vice President’s Lady * After Europe, Abigail was sure that she wanted her husband to continue his political career. * In March of 1779, John was elected Vice President, so the whole Adams family moved to New York to serve with George and Martha Washington, the new president and first lady. * Once again, like London, Abigail had many social obligations to fulfill as the second lady of the United States. * Congress then moved the capital city to Philadelphia, so once again the Adams family had to move. Chapter 14: An Interlude at Quincy * For John’s second term as Vice President, Abigail spent most of her time back in Braintree running the farm. * After her health scare while moving to Philadelphia, The Adams family didn’t want to risk her getting even more sick. * In 1796, George Washington announced he would not serve a third term as president, which made people speculate that John would succeed him. John would have to run against Thomas Jefferson in order to do so. Chapter 15: Mrs. President * John’s election made Abigail nervous. John was not as widely supported as Washington. * Abigail played a huge role in John’s presidency by expressing her opinions in politics, which was uncommon for a woman of the time. * While living in Philadelphia for John’s presidency, Abigail grew to enjoy the city. Chapter 16: â€Å"The Federal City†: * When John’s political career ended, Abigail returned to Quincy to a busy home full of her family. * Abigail soon set out for Washington, the new capital city, but when John was not reelected, they both returned. Chapter 17: The Matriarch of Peacefield * With both John and Abigail back in Quincy, Abigail took right back to being the matriarch of the house and taking care of her numerous grandchildren. * Abigail enjoyed having her husband always with her, and helping to raise her small grandchildren while in retirement. Chapter 18: The Curtain Falls * On October 28, 1817, Abigail died after falling ill with typhoid fever, at age 73. * Abigail was able to die peacefully with most of her family around her. Abigail Adams Chapter Guide It explains why she is so focused on her family and John later in her life. It also explains her penname â€Å"Diana† and her love for literature and being involved in politics, after being taught to read at a young age. Chapter 2: John * Abigail and John were married on October 25, 1764. The maim point of this chapter is to show the love developing between John and Abigail. The way they were not attracted to each other at first explains why they work together so well. They have different views on things so they balance each other out. Their love for each other also sets up their depression during their separation later in their lives. Chapter 3: Wife and Mother * Abigail and John had six children: Abigail, John Quincy, Susanna, Charles, Thomas, and Elizabeth (stillborn). The main point of this chapter is to show the Adams family growing. Abigail’s deep connection to her kids at such a young age explains her sadness later on in her life when they are no longer with her, especially when her sons begin to leave home with their father to help with his politics and see the world. It also explains her connection to Nabby, since after Susanna and Elizabeth died young; Nabby was the only Adams daughter. Chapter 4: Politics * John elected representative to Massachusetts legislature, then later chosen as a delegate to the Continental Congress. Chapter 5: War Abigail had to raise her kids and deal with the family farm buy herself while John was away in Philadelphia. Chapter 6: Independence * Abigail used her influence over John to fight for women’s’ rights and representation during the drafting of the Constitution. * John was elected commissioner to France. Chapter 7: A Woman’s Sacrifice * While John was away in Europe, Abigail once again had to run her household on her own, which put her into a depression. Chapter 8: The Long Separation * After his commission to France, John was elected minister plenipotentiary which extended his stay in Europe. Chapter 9: Years of Decision * While John was in Europe, Abigail couldn’t decide whether or not to join him, but when he was commissioned to negotiate a treaty of commerce with Great Britain, she and Nabby decided to go and join him in Europe. * Nabby fell in love with Royall Tyler so the trip was also to see if their love would last. Chapter 10: Europe * Abigail liked London because of the class but disliked Paris because she thought it was dirty and the people were rude. * The servants did less in Europe, so it was more expensive to run a household ,which frustrated Abigail. John was then appointed minister to London by congress. Chapter 11: â€Å"The Ambassadress† * Abigail was overwhelmed by the wealth of the royal court in London. * She and John were not used to the expenses of clothing, servants, and hosting dinners for other dignitaries. This was made even worse by the low salary John was being paid by Congress. Chapter 12: A Homesick American * In London, Abigai l continued to miss American and her easy-going life in the countryside because she felt confined in the city in London. Chapter 13: The Vice President’s Lady * After Europe, Abigail was sure that she wanted her husband to continue his political career. * In March of 1779, John was elected Vice President, so the whole Adams family moved to New York to serve with George and Martha Washington, the new president and first lady. * Once again, like London, Abigail had many social obligations to fulfill as the second lady of the United States. * Congress then moved the capital city to Philadelphia, so once again the Adams family had to move. Chapter 14: An Interlude at Quincy * For John’s second term as Vice President, Abigail spent most of her time back in Braintree running the farm. * After her health scare while moving to Philadelphia, The Adams family didn’t want to risk her getting even more sick. * In 1796, George Washington announced he would not serve a third term as president, which made people speculate that John would succeed him. John would have to run against Thomas Jefferson in order to do so. Chapter 15: Mrs. President * John’s election made Abigail nervous. John was not as widely supported as Washington. * Abigail played a huge role in John’s presidency by expressing her opinions in politics, which was uncommon for a woman of the time. * While living in Philadelphia for John’s presidency, Abigail grew to enjoy the city. Chapter 16: â€Å"The Federal City†: * When John’s political career ended, Abigail returned to Quincy to a busy home full of her family. * Abigail soon set out for Washington, the new capital city, but when John was not reelected, they both returned. Chapter 17: The Matriarch of Peacefield * With both John and Abigail back in Quincy, Abigail took right back to being the matriarch of the house and taking care of her numerous grandchildren. * Abigail enjoyed having her husband always with her, and helping to raise her small grandchildren while in retirement. Chapter 18: The Curtain Falls * On October 28, 1817, Abigail died after falling ill with typhoid fever, at age 73. * Abigail was able to die peacefully with most of her family around her.

Analysis of the individual causes of the problem on the production Essay

Analysis of the individual causes of the problem on the production system of Toyota - Essay Example Toyota is one of the best known automobile manufacturing companies in the world. Toyota however went into crises last year due to some technical problems that are related to its operations management systems.Two million cars were recalled because of defects. The defects have been traced to the production lines and the company has announced that the problem can be solved if cars with defects are sent for repairs with authorized dealers.So far, 77 complaints have been lodged in the Japan and about 100 in the United States. About 7 different brands are due for mass recall in Mexico as well. There have been mass recalls of some of the cars that are affected by these defects.The defects are related to accelerator pedals and out of position floor mats. This causes the accelerator system to jam and leads to overspeeding which can and have caused accidents in Japan, United States and Mexico. Preliminary research has shown that the overspeeding does not happen suddenly but gradually, and it i s not connected to the electronic systems of the affected cars. Clearly, the problem with these defective Toyota cars can be traced to the production systems of the manufacture of these cars. This research is a proposal on a diagnostic system for the analysis of the operations management system of the defective cars and a diagnosis of the source of the problems in the manufacturing system. The aim of the research is the diagnose and identify the cause of the defects in the Toyota cars affected by the accelerator system problems. ... Objectives: The objectives of the research is to: 1. Examine the normal manufacturing and quality control systems used by Toyota in the United States, Japan and Mexico (the affected countries of the problem). 2. Analysis of the research, design and manufacturing lapses that are responsible for the accelerator defects in the cars in question and the failure of quality control to detect the problems. 3. The scope of the problem and future implications of these problems in the production line of Toyota and analysis of best way of solving the problems at hand. Literature Review The case of Toyota indicates that there were numerous levels of problems and challenges that hit the company. Hiles (2011 p582) gives a series of empirical evidence that is collated from the Kelley Blue Book Survey which shows the impact of the recalls on various levels to Toyota. These affected the customers, suppliers, the worth of vehicles and dealers. Competitors also increased interest in their brands due to Toyota's lapses. Although one might be tempted to think that the problem of Toyota was mainly an Operations Management problem, these outstanding statistics and facts show that the problem had a knock-on effect on the various stakeholder interests of Toyota. This is because the nature of the car manufacturing industry is such that the engineering systems and operations are at the core of the activities of a given entity. And due to the potential fatal effect of any mistake or error in manufacturing, a car manufacturer needs to take care to ensure that the best is done to ensure that cars parts and assembling lines do the right thing to prevent defects. Thus the scope of the problem and any effort to rectify it will mean correcting the lapses in the operations of Toyota and

Marketing strategy for Blackmore product in Vietnam market Assignment

Marketing strategy for Blackmore product in Vietnam market - Assignment Example Firstly, the entry mode choice of Blackmore Company to entry Vietnam market will be introduced through the joint venture with local organisation as Traphaco which is seen as the big income of selling the vitamins and nutrition products in Hanoi capital of Vietnam. Secondly, SWOT analysis will be coming with the overview of Blackmore’s product based on its brand, quality, technique, product design in order to predict the potential opportunities in Vietnam market. Moreover, analysing Blackmore’ competitors is showed up including: foreign company as Sanofi Aventis of France and Novartis of Switzerland, the local company as Pharbaco of Hanoi and Pharma of Hochiminh city. Furthermore, the company and marketing objectives will be introduced such as providing and contribution the best Australian nutritional product’s quality to Vietnam, creating the brand equity, gaining over 10% of market share in 3 years and standing on top ten biggest suppliers in the nutrition product with vitamins and supplements in medical industry. Next part coming is generic marketing strategies which is focused on branding. In additional, the market segmentation and market positioning will be provided. These task are considered to target consumers such as young, medium and high income class combined with the positioning of product of high quality and price. Finally, this report will be focused on strategies of promotion and product. To sum up the report, the recommendations and conclusion is given. Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary.................................................................................. 2. Table of contents....................................................................................... 3. Introduction............................................................................................... 4. The brief background to Blackmore Company and product. The summary of macro-environment analysis of Vietnam market................................. 5. Entry mode choice.................................................................................... 5.1 Why choose the joint venture to entry? .............................................1... 5.2 Partner selection................................................................................ 6. SWOT analysis............................................... ........................................ 7. Competitor analysis............................................................................... 8. Company objectives, marketing objectives and generic marketing strategies............................................................................................... 8.1. Company objectives....................................................................... 8.2. Marketing objectives....................................................................... 8.3. Generic marketing strategies for Blackmore in Vietnam market..... 9. Market segmentation and brand positioning for Blackmore product....... 9.1. Market segmentation......................................................................... 9.2. Blackmore’s brand positioning........................................................ 10. Marketing mix strategies............................................................................ 10.1. Promotion strategies.................. ....................................................... 10.2. Product strategies............................................................................. 11. Conclusions.................................................................................................. 12. List reference................

The missionary outreach of the Celtic Church in Britain Essay Example for Free

The missionary outreach of the Celtic Church in Britain Essay The missionary outreach of the Celtic Church in Britain was a big success. This was mainly due to the work of a number of important peregrini. Peregrination is the pilgrimage for Christ. This follows that the peregrine were pilgrims for Christ. However, Gougaud rightly warns us against this literal translation, as it implies that they make a pilgrimage to a shrine, and then once the visit has been made, the pilgrim returns home and resumes his normal life. In this case then, the early Celtic peregrini were not, strictly speaking pilgrims, because in the vast majority of cases, they were leaving their homes, never to return, in a state of permanent, voluntary exile. The peregrini worked by either re-evangelising those who had lapsed into pagan ways, or converting the polytheists to monotheism. Colmcille turned his back on what could have been an illustrious political career in the Uà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ill dynasty. He was forever faithful to religion over politics, and was first and foremost a priest and a monk, before a political leader. His Church was very much a missionary Church and he aimed to create a living and vibrant faith throughout the land. Colmcille was a man of incredible pragmatic gifts. He knew that where there was faction and political instability, his mission was impossible, and by establishing a Christian Church, he also gave peace to two tribes who were at war. Long after the death of Colmcille, Iona was the outpost of the Celtic Church in the area and the citadel and retreat of Celtic missionaries. Adà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mnan, a hagiographer at the time of Colmcille, and author of Colmcilles Life, tells us that He could not pass the space of even a single hour, without applying himself either to prayer, or reading, or writing, or else to some manual labour . His desolate asceticism is well attested to in Adà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mnans Life, to the extent where he even said that Colmcille used stone as a pillow. He also tells us of Colmcille, He endured hardships of fasting and vigils without intermission by day and night; the burden of a single one of his labours would seem beyond the powers of man. He was a very simple monk, and he served his people faithfully, with sincerity and humility. He used whatever ambition he possessed to the good of his people and his Church. His strong desire for peace is very evident in his final words to the monks, This, dear children, is my last message to you- that you preserve with each other sincere charity and peace. Colmcille was the pioneer of this missionary outreach. The Church he established was endured to centuries after his death. According to Bede, Columba left successors distinguished for their great charity, divine love and strict attention to disciple. The island of Iona became the mother house to a number of monasteries that were created by her sons, least of all Lindesfarne. This was mainly seen in the seventh century, which was at the height of their fame. Colmcille had spearheaded the great missionary outreach of the Celtic Church. In Kennys view, the achievement of Colmcilles followers in Christianising their Anglo-Saxon neighbours is from the viewpoint of world history the most momentous achievement of the Irish section of the Celtic Church. As the Christian faith was beginning to flourish in Ireland, with this paganism was beginning to evaporate. Britain was suffering from invasion from the Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes and other pagan tribes, from Northern Germany. While paganism had taken root in large parts of Britain, Christianity had been reduced to small pockets in Wales, Cornwall and some places in Scotland. The Christians were desolate, and their morale was too low to try and engage in evangelisation with their pagan invaders. They began to lapse into their pagan ways in the same way the people of Israel did when Jeroboam 1 was their king. However, the invaders were to receive the faith from two different sources, the mission of Saint Augustine in 597 (the year that Colmcille died); and his successors, and the missionary outreach of the Celtic monks in Iona. Unlike Colmcille, whose main evangelising took placer in Pictish territory, the monks of Iona moved south to focus on evangelising the Saxon territory. In terms of Aidans life and achievements, he can be very much composed to Colmcille. According to Finlay, Aidan marks the period of the great expansion of the Columban Church Oswald, the son of a Bernicia king was banished with his brothers after his father was slayed. Here he became Christian, and is said to have spent time in Iona. After praying for a victory, Oswald regained his fathers throne. He immediately sent for a monk who would be willing to preach the Word of God in his kingdom. Corman was initially chosen, but failed. A monk spoke up, saying that too much had been expected of the pagan Angles, and that St Pauls maxim regarding milk for the babes needed to be applied, in that before any real change could take place, they would have to be weaned and nurtured. This monk was Aidan, and after boldly speaking out, he was immediately chosen to replace Corman. Bede was filled with admiration for Aidan, and called him a man of singular meekness, piety and moderations. Although Aidan was bishop in Lindesfarne, in his heart he remained a monk, and he ruled his island foundation as an abbot. Due to Aidan, Lindesfarne was to become, in Lightfoots terms, the true cradle of Iona, after its missionaries penetrated deep into England. Gougaud agrees with Lightfoots words, saying that Lindesfarne was the most powerful centre of religious influence in England. Oswald and Aidan remained good friends, with Oswald accompanying Aidan on his mission, and acting as his interpreter. After Oswald died in battle with Penda in 642, it was a personal loss for Aidan, and it is said he even went and retrieved the head of his beloved Oswald from the battlefield, and laid him to rest at Lindesfarne. Aidan transcended the political basis of his missionand managed to cross the divide between two feuding dynasties (Charles Edwards.) This is similar to Columbanus, and how he managed to end the conflict between the Dal Riata, and the Picts. Aidan remained on excellent terms with successive Northumbria kings, without compromising himself or the gospel, which Ryan believes it was his transparent sanctity which made this possible. There is a great deal of evidence, put forward by Bede, which shows Aidans humility. Aidan travelled throughout his journey by fork, so that he could easily talk to those he met on his evangelising journey. McNeill noted that by the time of Aidans death, on the 31st August 651, the tide had definitely turned against paganism. Lightfoot said it was not Augustine, but Aidan who was the true apostle of England. Aidan and his followers restored Christianity to the areas that had lapsed, and won over the new areas that predecessors were unable to conquer. Finian succeeded Aidan to the bishopric, and abbacy of Lindesfarne. One of his achievements was rebuilding a church in Lindesfarne, which he believed to be more worthy of an Episcopal see. He succeeded in baptising the son of Penda, who slayed Oswald, and the king of the Saxons, Sigebert. Ryan tells us that in virtue, in zeal, in ability as an organiser, he was worthy of Saint Aidan, so that the church in Northumbria grew and prospered. Like Aidan, he travelled on foot, rather than horseback. Bede tells us that he was devoted to keeping the Church in truth and purity. Colman succeeded Finian and Lindesfarne. He held the episcopacy for three years, and his leadership is strongly associated with the Synod of Whitby. Colman dealt with the controversy of the date of Easter, the ordination of Bishops, the style of the tonsher, and the use of Chrism in baptism. Comgall of Bangor, who was himself a Pict, assisted Colmcille in his mission to the Picts. Canice also cooperated with Colmcille in his mission, before he founded his own Church, after which the city of Kilkenny is named. Blaan was born in 565, near Kingarth, where his uncle St Catan, had founded a monastery. Although there is some uncertainty regarding whether he was a Pict or a Briton, he trained as a monk at Bangor, under the abbot Comgall. There are numerous church dedications to him in Strathclyde, Dunblane, and in the Pictish Highlands. James Hutchinson Cockburn sees these as evidence of a correspondingly wide and effective ministry, and they are very evident to the regard in which Blaan was held. Fursa came from Ireland, and ministered to the East Anglicans. He converted many by example and teaching. Bede tells us that in his desire to be a hermit, he left his brother Foillà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½n in charge of his foundation. According to John Richard Green, Irish Christianity flung itself with a fiery zeal into battle with the mass heathenism which was rolling in upon the Christian world. And John Ryan acknowledges that although the conversion of Scotland was down to the Irish and the Britons, the contribution of the Irish monks far outdistanced that of the Britons. It is very evident from looking at the works of Colmcille, Aidan and many more peregrine that the contribution that Irish monks made to the missionary outreach in Britain was vital.

Rape - A Community Problem :: Overpower Dominate Humiliate Women

Rape - A Community Problem   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This paper will focus on the social and cultural conditions that intensify or perpetuate rape. The causes and reasons for rape are deeply entrenched in our social structure. We can explore some of the motivations and circumstances which lead men to rape. We have learned that some men rape out of anger and a need to overpower, dominate, and humiliate. We can also look at some of the historical attitudes from which today's beliefs and stereotypes have evolved. However, we must look beyond both rapists' motivations and history if we are to truly understand the act of rape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why does rape exist and what causes it? What is it about our society that makes rape one of the fastest growing violent crimes in this country? One way we have tried to deal with this problem is through rape prevention. These techniques are very important in decreasing the vulnerability of individuals, but in order to eliminate the occurrence of rape from our society, we must first examine its causes more deeply so that we can take collective action. We must understand the sociology of rape in order to effectively work towards the elimination of it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite the necessity for rape prevention, it must focus on eliminating the conditions in society which make women easy targets for rape. Victim control teaches women to avoid rape, but doesn't reduce the threat of rape. Furthermore, rape cannot always be avoided, no matter what precautions the woman takes. It also puts part of the responsibility and blame for rape on the victim. Rapist control confuses prosecutions with prevention. There is little evidence that punishment serves as a deterrent. Besides, very few rapist are ever incarcerated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From very early ages, men and women are conditioned to accept different roles. Women are raised to be passive and men are raised to be aggressive. We are conditioned to accept certain attitudes, values and behaviors. Our conditioning is continuously and relentlessly encouraged and reinforced by the popular media, cultural attitudes and the educational system. The media is a major contributor to gender-based attitudes and values. The media provides women with a complete list of behaviors that precipitate rape. Social training about what is proper, as well as what is powerful and macho, teaches women to be victims and men to be aggressors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The high incidence of rape in this country is a result of the power imbalance between men and women. Women are expected to assume a subordinate relationship to men. Consequently, rape can be seen as a logical extension of the typical interactions between women and men. Women's vulnerability to rape

Effect of Exercise on Cardia Output Essay

Predictions 1. During exercise HR will increase. 2. During exercise SV will decrease. 3. During exercise CO will increase. Materials and Methods 1. Dependent Variable EDV, ESV, and cardiac cycle length 2. Independent Variable level of physical activity(resting or exercise) 3. Controlled Variables age, weight, height 4. What instrument was used to measure cardiac volumes? MRI 5. Does the instrument used to measure cardiac volume use X-Rays? Explain. no Results Table 2: Resting and Exercising Cardiac Cycle Length, EDV, and ESV Resting Values Exercising Values Cardiac EDV (mL) ESV (mL) Cardiac EDV (mL) ESV (mL) cycle length cycle length (msec) (msec) 856 145 72 431 139 34 809 136 66 457 141 38 828 135 72 414 140 35 139 70 140 36 Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Averages Resting and Exercising HR, EDV andESV 1. Resting and exercising cardiac cycle length -a. What was the average resting cardiac cycle length? 831 b. What was the average exercising cardiac cycle length? 434 c. The range of normal resting cardiac cycle length is between 818 and 858 ms. Did average cardiac cycle length increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? Decrease 2. Resting and exercising EDV -a. What was the average resting EDV? 139 b. What was the average exercising EDV? 140 c. The range of normal resting EDV is between 135 and 145 ml for these subjects. Did average EDV increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? not change 3. Resting and exercising ESV -a. What was the average resting ESV? 70 b. What was the average exercising ESV? 36 c. The range of normal resting ESV is between 65 and 75 for these subjects. Did average ESV increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? decrease Table 3: Resting and Exercising HR, SV and CO HR (strokes per second) 70 74 72 72 Resting Values SV (mL) SV (L) 73 70 63 0.073 0.07 0.063 0.069 CO 5.1 5.2 4.5 4.9 HR (strokes per second) 139 131 145 138 Exercising Values SV (mL) SV (L) 105 103 105 0.105 0.103 0.105 0.104 CO 14.6 13.5 15.2 14 Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Averages Resting and Exercising SV and CO 4. Resting and exercising HR – a. What was the average resting HR? 72 b. What was the average exercising HR? 138 c. The range of normal resting HR is between 70 and 73 beats per minute for these subjects. Did average HR increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? increase 5. Resting and exercising SV -a. What was the average resting SV? 69 b. What was the average exercising SV? 104 c. The range of normal resting SV is between 60 and 80 ml for these subjects. Did average SV increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? Increase 6. Resting and exercising CO – a. What was the average resting CO? 4.9 b. What was the average exercising CO? 14 c. The range of normal resting CO is between 4.2 L per minute and 5.84 L for these subjects. Did average CO increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? increase Discussion 1. What caused the change in HR with exercise? Muscles use more oxygen and  glucose from the blood with increased movement. This produces wastes that decrease blood pH below the normal range causing an increase in heart rate. The heart rate increase delivers blood to the lungs and kidneys more quickly so these organs can remove the wastes from the body. The faster the muscles use energy and create waste, the faster the heart must pump blood. 2. Discuss the effect of venous return and heart rate on exercise EDV. Exercise increases venous return by forcing your body to add and enlarge blood vessels. In addition to circulatory improvements, exercise helps muscles and tissues become conditioned to allow them to overcome the stresses of working out. During exercise, the body demands additional oxygen and requires removal of extra carbon dioxide increasing the heart rate. EDV is increased with exercise 3. What caused the change in ESV volume with exercise? ESV decreases with exercising so that there is less resistance for the blood to flow to increase cardiac output. 4. Why did SV change with exercise? SV increase during exercise because an individuals body needs more oxygen and nourishment that are both received from the pumping of blood. The level of increase of SV is also depends on the type of exercise 5. Discuss the importance of the change in CO with exercise? When the body is in rest cardiac output is lower as the demand in oxygen is low. During exercise heart rate and stroke volume increase which results in an increase in cardiac output 6. Restate your predictions that were correct and give data from your experiment that support them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, giving supporting data from your experiment that supports your corrections. My prediction were correct Application 1. We measured the stroke volume of the left ventricle. What was the average stroke volume of the right ventricle at rest and after exercise? 69 resting 104 exercising 2. Assume that for one beat, the stroke volume of the left ventricle is greater than that of the right ventricle. Explain why in a normal heart this would be corrected on the next beat. blood would be transferred from your systemic circulation into you pulmonary circulation. Pressures throughout your pulmonary circulation would begin increasing. As soon as small amount of blood is transferred from the systemic to pulmonary circulation, the pressure in the pulmonary veins and left atrium increases a  little. This increases the filling of the left ventricle, and the resulting increase in its end-diastolic volume increases the stroke volume, correcting the problem 3. Explain why elite athletes have a lower than normal heart rate, yet have a higher than normal ability to increase cardiac output. An athlete has a larger stroke volume, which means a greater volume of oxygen is delivered to the body per heartbeat.They usually have larger heart that results in higher cardiac output, as more blood is pumped out with each beat. The raised cardiac output allows the heart to beat more slowly

A Lesson Before Dying English Literature Essay

Wheaˆâ€ ¹naˆâ€ ¹ It aˆâ€ ¹was aˆâ€ ¹quiet once more, Bear, Grope, and aˆâ€ ¹Brother were all dowaˆâ€ ¹n on the floor, and merely aˆâ€ ¹Jefferson was standing. He aˆâ€ ¹wanted to run, butaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹he couldnt tally. aˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹He couldaˆâ€ ¹ntaˆâ€ ¹ even thaˆâ€ ¹ink. He couldnt aˆâ€ ¹rememberaˆâ€ ¹ aaˆâ€ ¹ thing he had done all twenty-four hours. The Writer does n't stating us straight whether Jefferson is guilty or guiltless. Alternatively, he provides the prosecuting officer ‘s and the defence lawyer ‘s versions of the narrative. This creates uncertainties about Jefferson ‘s artlessness. This pick makes it easier to see the subject that we seldom know without uncertainty whether person is guiltless or guilty, but alternatively must trust on evideaˆâ€ ¹nce. Subject Gaines page 5 â€Å" Old aˆâ€ ¹Grope got aˆâ€ ¹the bottle out ofaˆâ€ ¹ the shaˆâ€ ¹elf, but aˆâ€ ¹he did non saˆâ€ ¹et it on the counter. He could see the boaˆâ€ ¹yaˆâ€ ¹s had been drinkiaˆâ€ ¹ng. † â€Å" Bear had baˆâ€ ¹een drinkaˆâ€ ¹ing, aaˆâ€ ¹nd his eyes were calendered, he walkaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ed falteringly, grinniaˆâ€ ¹ng all taˆâ€ ¹he taˆâ€ ¹ime as he continued around the aˆâ€ ¹counter. â€Å" Go back, † aˆâ€ ¹ Grope told hiaˆâ€ ¹m. † Anaˆâ€ ¹d â€Å" He did n't cognize what to make. He waaˆâ€ ¹s standing by the spirits aˆâ€ ¹shelf, and saˆâ€ ¹uddaˆâ€ ¹enly realiaˆâ€ ¹zed he needaˆâ€ ¹ed aˆâ€ ¹a drink and neaˆâ€ ¹eded it badaˆâ€ ¹ly. † Jefferson ‘s friends were drunk. It affected their consciousness to their state of affairs which would hold been easy to forestall. Alcohol is clearly has an impact on the black community. Jefferson is unable to construct a solid defence because he was intoxicated and can non retrieve the twenty-four hours of the slaying. Grant is unable to halt contending Griffin because he is intoxicated, and he evades holding a serious conversation with Vivian by imbibing. Alcohol is a subject, most of the imbibing is done to get away world. Subject Page 5 â€Å" A caˆâ€ ¹ornered aˆâ€ ¹animal aˆâ€ ¹likesaˆâ€ ¹ to strikeaˆâ€ ¹ rapidly outaˆâ€ ¹ of fright, a traitaˆâ€ ¹ inheraˆâ€ ¹ited fromaˆâ€ ¹ his ascendants in aˆâ€ ¹the deepest jungle of blackesaˆâ€ ¹t Aaˆâ€ ¹frica-yes, yes, that he can do- but to planaˆâ€ ¹ ? aˆâ€ ¹ To Plan, genaˆâ€ ¹tlemen of theaˆâ€ ¹ jury? aˆâ€ ¹No, aˆâ€ ¹gentlemen, this skull holaˆâ€ ¹ds no aˆâ€ ¹plans. Whaaˆâ€ ¹t you see here is a thingaˆâ€ ¹ that acts aˆâ€ ¹oaˆâ€ ¹n commaˆâ€ ¹and. † Jefferson defense mechanism lawyer provinces that Jefferson could non hold murdered Alcee Grope , because he is excessively stupid. The comparing of a human to an animate being here is agencies by which white people dehumanise black people. Racism is a large subject in the novel it affects how the characters act and how they are treated. This subject affects the whole narrative. Subject Jefferson ‘s defence lawyer, 8 â€Å" I ‘m aˆâ€ ¹the instructor, aˆâ€ ¹ † I said. â€Å" And I taˆâ€ ¹eaaˆâ€ ¹ch what thaˆâ€ ¹e white folks aaˆâ€ ¹round heraˆâ€ ¹e state me to teach-reading, writinaˆâ€ ¹g, aˆâ€ ¹and ‘rithmetic. They ne'er told me hoaˆâ€ ¹w toaˆâ€ ¹ maintain a blacaˆâ€ ¹k male child out of aˆâ€ ¹a liquoraˆâ€ ¹ saˆâ€ ¹tore. † Grant is speaking to his aunt and is being loath to her petition of learning Jefferson. This transition reveals why Grant is hesitating to learn Jefferson. Even though Grant has a high degree of academic accomplishment, he feels unsuitable because his is ain instruction has been based on get the hanging the instructions of white America. Grant knows that he would be assisting to distribute its instructions. Word picture Grant, 13 â€Å" Theaˆâ€ ¹re waˆâ€ ¹as ever intelligence comiaˆâ€ ¹ng back to aˆâ€ ¹theaˆâ€ ¹ quarteaˆâ€ ¹r abouaˆâ€ ¹t person aˆâ€ ¹who haˆâ€ ¹aaˆâ€ ¹d been killeaˆâ€ ¹d or sent aˆâ€ ¹to prison for killing somaˆâ€ ¹eone else: Snowbaˆâ€ ¹all, stabbed to decease at a cabaret in Portaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹Allen ; Claudee, killed by a adult female in New Orlaˆâ€ ¹eans ; Smitty, sent to the saˆâ€ ¹tate peaˆâ€ ¹nitentiary at Angolaˆâ€ ¹a for manslaughaˆâ€ ¹ter. And there weraˆâ€ ¹e others who didaˆâ€ ¹ non travel anyaˆâ€ ¹where but merely dieaˆâ€ ¹d sloaˆâ€ ¹wer. † Sing his pupils chop wood reminded him of himself and former schoolmates. He reflects on the destinies of his schoolmates, who all died immature age. He is remembers his former instructor Matthew Antoine ‘s stating most of his pupils would decease immature despite his best attempts. Grant ‘s schoolmates that stayed in in deep South are unable to populate life to its fuaˆâ€ ¹llest because of legal and economic barriers embedded in racism. This point to a powerful combination of poorness and racial subjugation that African Americans faced in the 40 ‘s Puting Grant, 62 â€Å" I can'aˆâ€ ¹taˆâ€ ¹ state you anything about liaˆâ€ ¹fe, † he aˆâ€ ¹said â€Å" Whaaˆâ€ ¹t do I know about lifeaˆâ€ ¹ ? I stayed here. Yoaˆâ€ ¹u haveaˆâ€ ¹ to travel off to cognize about life. aˆâ€ ¹ There ‘s aˆâ€ ¹no life here. Thaˆâ€ ¹ere'saˆâ€ ¹ nil but ignoaˆâ€ ¹rance here.aˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹You want aˆâ€ ¹to know about life? Well, aˆâ€ ¹it ‘s tooaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹late. Forgaˆâ€ ¹et itaˆâ€ ¹ . Just gaˆâ€ ¹o on and beaˆâ€ ¹ the niggaˆâ€ ¹er you were born to be, aˆâ€ ¹but forget about aˆâ€ ¹life. † aˆâ€ ¹ Grant is speaking to his former instructor. There are similarities between his statement that â€Å" theraˆâ€ ¹e ‘s no liaˆâ€ ¹fe † in Baaˆâ€ ¹yonne and Grant ‘s observation on how his schoolmates are deceasing easy by populating hapless. Both believe that the chance to populate life to its fullest is an of import constituent of human self-respect. This explains why Grant is loath to learn Jefferson ; he believes that self-respect is unachievable without chance since Jefferson is on decease row. Word picture Matthew Antoine 65 â€Å" Anythingaˆâ€ ¹ Iaˆâ€ ¹ ought to taˆâ€ ¹ake toaˆâ€ ¹ him? † Graaˆâ€ ¹nt, â€Å" Food, I suppose. aˆâ€ ¹Maaˆâ€ ¹ybeaˆâ€ ¹ someaˆâ€ ¹ clean apparels. aˆâ€ ¹ I caaˆâ€ ¹ n't thaˆâ€ ¹ink of anything else. † â€Å" I was believing more aboaˆâ€ ¹ut the bible, † Revaˆâ€ ¹erend Aaˆâ€ ¹mbrose Reverend Ambrose asks Grant what he should convey when sing Jefferson. Grant ‘s conversation shows Grant ‘s beliefs about self-respect. He suggests comfortss ; clean apparels and nutrient. While the Reverend believes that Bible are more of import to assisting the doomed inmate. It is non until the terminal that he is able to admit the importance of faith. Conflict Grant, 101 I rubbaˆâ€ ¹ed my aˆâ€ ¹fistaˆâ€ ¹ withaˆâ€ ¹ my left manus, and aˆâ€ ¹graduaˆâ€ ¹ally begaˆâ€ ¹an aˆâ€ ¹to relax. aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" That laˆâ€ ¹ady yaˆâ€ ¹ou radius of, aˆâ€ ¹boy caaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹res a batch aˆâ€ ¹about you, † I said toaˆâ€ ¹ him. aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" She ‘s waitingaˆâ€ ¹ at that scaˆâ€ ¹hool right nowaˆâ€ ¹ foaˆâ€ ¹r me to convey aˆâ€ ¹her intelligence abouaˆâ€ ¹t a turn you. That ‘s aaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹lady yoaˆâ€ ¹u radius of, boy. That ‘s a lady. Becaˆâ€ ¹ause it ‘s she who keaˆâ€ ¹eps me coming aˆâ€ ¹here. Not aˆâ€ ¹your nannan, non aˆâ€ ¹my aˆâ€ ¹ant. Vivian. If I didn'taˆâ€ ¹ have Viviaaˆâ€ ¹n, I wouldn'taˆâ€ ¹ be inaˆâ€ ¹ this aˆâ€ ¹damn holeaˆâ€ ¹ . † After Jefferson insults Grant ‘s girlfriend Vivian, Grant tells Jefferson that he continues to see the Jefferson in prison non because he feels obliged to his aunt or Miss Emma, but because Vivian encouraged him to. Love has great influence. Vivian ‘s love transforms Grant with simple suggestion. Allow became more dedicated to his occupation and held a Christmas pageant for the kids, something he usually would n't make. Jefferson easy opened up to Grand because he showed Jefferson kindness and love. Power of love to transform people is a subject in this book. Subject Grant 130 He jusaˆâ€ ¹t sat aˆâ€ ¹there aˆâ€ ¹looking at me. ‘aˆâ€ ¹Go on and shriek, Jefferson. aˆâ€ ¹Go oaˆâ€ ¹n and aˆâ€ ¹scream foraˆâ€ ¹ Guidry, aˆâ€ ¹if that'saˆâ€ ¹ what aˆâ€ ¹you want. ‘ Weaˆâ€ ¹ looaˆâ€ ¹ked at each other, and I could see iaˆâ€ ¹n those large reddened aˆâ€ ¹eyes thaaˆâ€ ¹t he was non traveling to shout. He was full of aaˆâ€ ¹nger – and who coulaˆâ€ ¹d fault him? – But he aˆâ€ ¹was no sap. He needed me, and aˆâ€ ¹he waaˆâ€ ¹nted meaˆâ€ ¹ hereaˆâ€ ¹ , if merely to aˆâ€ ¹insult me. † Jefferson feels self-pity, and he wants everyone else to experience his commiseration. As Grant is seeking to hold a meaningful conversation, Jefferson is n't being concerted. Having ne'er experience much kindness in his life, he finds it difficult to swear Grant and abuses Grant to maintain distance. Jefferson threatens to shout but Grant knew he was n't traveling. In the terminal, he decides that he wants Allow around to aim his hatred and choler towards. Word picture Page 130 â€Å" Easteaˆâ€ ¹r was when they nailed Him to taˆâ€ ¹he crosaˆâ€ ¹s. And He nevaˆâ€ ¹er said a mumblingaˆâ€ ¹ word. † Grant and Jefferson are speaking about Christmas, and Jefferson refers to Christ. The transition sets up the word picture of Jefferson as a Christ figure. Like Jesus, Jefferson ‘s religious purification concludes in his executing. Death is portion of the immature Jefferson ‘s development into a symbol of innoceaˆâ€ ¹nce and moral pureness. Symbol Jefferson, 139 â€Å" Hoaˆâ€ ¹w do people come up with aaˆâ€ ¹ day of the month aaˆâ€ ¹nd clip aˆâ€ ¹to take lifeaˆâ€ ¹ from anotheaˆâ€ ¹r adult male? Who madaˆâ€ ¹e them Godaˆâ€ ¹ ? † â€Å" Tweaˆâ€ ¹lve white work forces aˆâ€ ¹say a black adult male a must dieaˆâ€ ¹ , and anotheraˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹white maˆâ€ ¹anaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹sets taˆâ€ ¹he dateaˆâ€ ¹ and clip witaˆâ€ ¹hout confer withing one blaˆâ€ ¹ack individual. aˆâ€ ¹ Jusaˆâ€ ¹tice? † Grant ‘s relationship with Jefferson has changed his attitude toward capaˆâ€ ¹ital penalty. In the beginning of the narrative Grand was uninterested when watching Jefferson ‘s test. But now, nevertheless, he is disturbed when hearing that a day of the month has been set for Jefferson ‘s decease, believing that no 1 has the right to kill another. He finds it upsetting that white people can make up one's mind the destiny of black people. Fictional character Grant, 157 â€Å" It wasaˆâ€ ¹ theaˆâ€ ¹ kindaˆâ€ ¹ of aˆâ€ ¹ ‘here ‘ youraˆâ€ ¹ maˆâ€ ¹otheraˆâ€ ¹ or your aˆâ€ ¹big sisteraˆâ€ ¹ or aˆâ€ ¹your aˆâ€ ¹graˆâ€ ¹eat-aunt aˆâ€ ¹or your gaˆâ€ ¹randmother would hold said. aˆâ€ ¹ It was theaˆâ€ ¹ kaˆâ€ ¹ind of ‘here ‘ taˆâ€ ¹hat asked the inquiry, aˆâ€ ¹ When will allaˆâ€ ¹ this terminal? When will aˆâ€ ¹a adult male non haveaˆâ€ ¹ to fight toaˆâ€ ¹ have aˆâ€ ¹money to aˆâ€ ¹get what haˆâ€ ¹e needs ‘here ‘ ? When willaˆâ€ ¹ a adult male be able to laˆâ€ ¹ive withouaˆâ€ ¹t haviaˆâ€ ¹ng to killaˆâ€ ¹ another adult male aˆâ€ ¹ ‘heraˆâ€ ¹e ‘ ? † Grant is inquiring for so he can purchase a wireless for Jefferson. Grant believes that black work forces struggle financially and kill other work forces, particularly in the Deep South. Men suffer more because of racism, and adult females pointlessly try to minimise it. This transition besides shows Grant as holding a sexist position. Word picture Grant, 174 â€Å" Jefferaˆâ€ ¹son, † aˆâ€ ¹ I said eventually, I want to be your friend I want you aˆâ€ ¹to inquire aˆâ€ ¹me quaˆâ€ ¹estions I want you to saaˆâ€ ¹y anything that comes to your aˆâ€ ¹mind, anytaˆâ€ ¹hing you want to aˆâ€ ¹say to me. I do n't caaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹re what I tis say it. I ‘ll maintain it to myseaˆâ€ ¹lf if you wantaˆâ€ ¹ I ‘ll speak about itaˆâ€ ¹ toaˆâ€ ¹ other peoaˆâ€ ¹ple if you want. aˆâ€ ¹ Will you do that for me? â€Å" aˆâ€ ¹He nodded his heaaˆâ€ ¹d. After giving Jefferson a wireless his attitude started to alter ; he became easier to near. Jefferson was able to reconnection with the outside universe. When sentences to imprison he was filled with choler and hatred, but that hatred started to off because the wireless was the most expensive gift he had of all time received. With this Grant to additions Jefferson ‘s trust. Word picture Grant 185 I aˆâ€ ¹teach becauseaˆâ€ ¹ it is theaˆâ€ ¹ merely thinaˆâ€ ¹g aˆâ€ ¹an aˆâ€ ¹educatedaˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹blackaˆâ€ ¹ adult male can make aˆâ€ ¹in theaˆâ€ ¹ Southaˆâ€ ¹ today. I don'taˆâ€ ¹ like it ; I hate it. aˆâ€ ¹ aˆâ€ ¹I do n't likeaˆâ€ ¹ populating here Iaˆâ€ ¹ waaˆâ€ ¹nt to run aaˆâ€ ¹way. â€Å" Thataˆâ€ ¹ is non aˆâ€ ¹a heaˆâ€ ¹ro. A hero does foaˆâ€ ¹r others. He would make aˆâ€ ¹anaˆâ€ ¹ything for peopleaˆâ€ ¹ he loves, because aˆâ€ ¹he knows aˆâ€ ¹it aˆâ€ ¹would do theaˆâ€ ¹ir livesaˆâ€ ¹ better. aˆâ€ ¹I am non aˆâ€ ¹that sort oaˆâ€ ¹f persoaˆâ€ ¹n, but aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹I want you toaˆâ€ ¹ be. You could aˆâ€ ¹give somethingaˆâ€ ¹ to her, to me, to those kids in theaˆâ€ ¹ qaˆâ€ ¹uarter. You caË †â€ ¹ould giveaˆâ€ ¹ something I neveaˆâ€ ¹r could†¦ The waˆâ€ ¹hite peopleaˆâ€ ¹ out there are stating you do n't haaˆâ€ ¹ve it-aˆâ€ ¹that you'aˆâ€ ¹re a aˆâ€ ¹hog, aˆâ€ ¹ non a adult male. Buaˆâ€ ¹t aˆâ€ ¹I know aˆâ€ ¹they areaˆâ€ ¹ wroaˆâ€ ¹ng. † Grant is speaking to Jefferson about the potency he sees in him. Allow understands now even with Jefferson ‘s deficiency of instruction, he can excel him by confronting his destiny with bravery and self-respect. Grant knows he can non expose the same bravery because he us excessively selfish.It is merely one time Grant has realized this, that he can truly believe in Jefferson ‘s possible to be a hero. By exposing bravery, and love for others he can turn out white people incorrect. Removing the justification for holding slaves and suppressing black people. Fictional character Grant, 191 You aˆâ€ ¹think aˆâ€ ¹you educated? † â€Å" I went to college † â€Å" Toaˆâ€ ¹ Teach reading, authorship, and, arithmetaˆâ€ ¹ic, Reverend. † â€Å" Whaaˆâ€ ¹t did you learnaˆâ€ ¹ about your ain peoaˆâ€ ¹ple? Whaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹at did you laˆâ€ ¹earn her – heraˆâ€ ¹ 'round at that place? † aˆâ€ ¹I did n't answeraˆâ€ ¹ him. â€Å" No, aˆâ€ ¹you notaˆâ€ ¹ educated, boy, † he aˆâ€ ¹said, saˆâ€ ¹haking his aˆâ€ ¹head. â€Å" You faaˆâ€ ¹r from being educated. You learned your reading, aˆâ€ ¹writing, aaˆâ€ ¹nd ‘rithmetic, but youaˆâ€ ¹ do n't aˆâ€ ¹know aˆâ€ ¹nothing. Yoaˆâ€ ¹u do n't even cognize yourselaˆâ€ ¹f. Well? † â€Å" You'aˆâ€ ¹re doiaˆâ€ ¹ng the speaking, Reverend. † aˆâ€ ¹ â€Å" And educateaˆâ€ ¹d, male child, â €  aˆâ€ ¹he said, beating his thorax. â€Å" I ‘m the 1 that ‘s eduaˆâ€ ¹cated. I know people like you look down aˆâ€ ¹on people likeaˆâ€ ¹ me, but † – he toucheaˆâ€ ¹d his thorax once more – â€Å" I ‘m the 1 that ‘s educated. † A She beenaˆâ€ ¹ lying every twenty-four hours of her aˆâ€ ¹life, youraˆâ€ ¹ aunt in there.T chapeaus how you got through that university. I ve seen her custodies bleed paˆâ€ ¹icking cotton. Reverend Ambrose is stating Grant that he is really more educated than him. Grant may hold a college grade, but the Reverend is educated through experience. He understands himself, his people and their agonies. While Grant does non. Reverend Ambrose Tells Grant what Tante Lou, Grants aunt went through to pay for his college. Besides how her articulatio genuss scarred from praying for Grant. Grant does n't cognize about any of this. This transition reveals the Reverends idea and why he feels the Bible would be more good to Jefferson instead than comfortss. Word picture Page 215 â€Å" it look like thaˆâ€ ¹e Godhead merely work aˆâ€ ¹for wite folaˆâ€ ¹kaˆâ€ ¹s cause of all time sens one wasn nothin but a litlaˆâ€ ¹e male child I been on my on haulaˆâ€ ¹in H2O to the fiel oaˆâ€ ¹n thaˆâ€ ¹at ol H2O cart humor all them dimaˆâ€ ¹e buaˆâ€ ¹keaˆâ€ ¹ts an that dipaˆâ€ ¹per merely hittiaˆâ€ ¹n an old doaˆâ€ ¹rthy merely traˆâ€ ¹ottin and troaˆâ€ ¹ttin an aˆâ€ ¹me up theiraˆâ€ ¹ hittiaˆâ€ ¹n her humor thaˆâ€ ¹at rope†¦ † Jefferson is reading his journal to Grant. In his diary reveals sophisticated contemplations about whether God prefers white people to black people. Jefferson has gone from eschewing every out to showing his deep ideas and experiencing. In making it helped him to accomplish some self-respect before his decease. Word picture Jefferson, 227 â€Å" The miaˆâ€ ¹nister did non aˆâ€ ¹sleep at all that dark, anaˆâ€ ¹d at twenty-four hours interruption he got upaˆâ€ ¹ knelt beside his beaˆâ€ ¹d to aˆâ€ ¹say his aˆâ€ ¹prayers, so he went to the kitcaˆâ€ ¹hen the warm H2O for his bath. His married woman, aˆâ€ ¹ Mrs. Becky, came into the kitchen to repair him a bowl ofaˆâ€ ¹ Dioscorea trifida for his breakfast. aˆâ€ ¹When heaˆâ€ ¹ finished hisaˆâ€ ¹ bath, haˆâ€ ¹e sat down ataˆâ€ ¹ the tabular array to eaˆâ€ ¹at. † The Author narrates the narrative in 3rd individual, from experiences of assorted people on the twenty-four hours of Jefferson ‘s executing. Rather than from Grant ‘s position for the bulk of the book. These characters do non look elsewhere in the novel. By concentrating on characters that are disjoint from the narrative, the writer reveals that Jefferson has become a hero in the eyes of the people in the one-fourth. Fictional character Page 237 I am aˆâ€ ¹not with you this minute becaˆâ€ ¹ause- becaaˆâ€ ¹useaˆâ€ ¹ I would non hold been able to standaˆâ€ ¹ . I would noaˆâ€ ¹t hold been able to walk with you aˆâ€ ¹those last aˆâ€ ¹fewaˆâ€ ¹ stairss. I would hold embarrassed aˆâ€ ¹you. Baˆâ€ ¹ut the old maaˆâ€ ¹n will non. Heaˆâ€ ¹ will be staˆâ€ ¹rong. Grant expresses sorrow and shame that he was unable to walk with Jefferson to the electric chair, acknowledging that Reverend Ambrose is really braver than him. By non depicting the minute of executing The Author places the reader in the same place as Grant, unable to accomplish the closing that would come with straight witnessing the executing. This deficiency of closing suggests that Jefferson ‘s household and Grant will ne'er to the full heal from the experience. Word picture Grant,249 I waˆâ€ ¹anted to travel I wanted to travel to- God, whaˆâ€ ¹at does a personaˆâ€ ¹ bash who knowsaˆâ€ ¹ there is onlaˆâ€ ¹y oneaˆâ€ ¹ hr to laˆâ€ ¹ive? And â€Å" He is withaˆâ€ ¹ Reverend Ambrose, beaˆâ€ ¹cause Revaˆâ€ ¹erend Ambraˆâ€ ¹ose believes. aˆâ€ ¹ Do you aˆâ€ ¹believe, Jefferson? aˆâ€ ¹ Is he aˆâ€ ¹with you Jefferson? aˆâ€ ¹ Have I done aˆâ€ ¹anythinaˆâ€ ¹gaˆâ€ ¹ to makeaˆâ€ ¹ you non beliaˆâ€ ¹eve? aˆâ€ ¹If I have paˆâ€ ¹lease forgive me for aˆâ€ ¹being a foaˆâ€ ¹ol. Grant ‘s credence of faith at the terminal shows he understands its importance in people ‘s lives. Grant ‘s struggle with Reverend Ambrose was due to his obstinacy. By admiting that he may be incorrect that Grant is able resolutenesss the issue of faith with the Reverend. By seeing faith ‘s importance in for others he shows consideration and empathy, which were the aˆâ€ ¹qualities that he tried to learn Jefferson. Fictional character Grant, 249 â€Å" Donaˆâ€ ¹'t tellaˆâ€ ¹ me to beaˆâ€ ¹lieve. Don'taˆâ€ ¹ tell me aˆâ€ ¹to belieaˆâ€ ¹ve in the aˆâ€ ¹same Godaˆâ€ ¹ or Torahs taˆâ€ ¹hat menaˆâ€ ¹ believe in aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹who commiaˆâ€ ¹t these aˆâ€ ¹murdeaˆâ€ ¹rs. Don'taˆâ€ ¹ state me to baˆâ€ ¹elieve that aˆâ€ ¹God canaˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ bless this state aˆâ€ ¹and that work forces aˆâ€ ¹are judgedaˆâ€ ¹ by their peaˆâ€ ¹ersaˆâ€ ¹ . Who amongaˆâ€ ¹ his peersaˆâ€ ¹ judged him? aˆâ€ ¹Waˆâ€ ¹as Iaˆâ€ ¹ there? Was the aˆâ€ ¹ministeraˆâ€ ¹ at that place? Was aˆâ€ ¹Haaˆâ€ ¹rry Williaaˆâ€ ¹ms there? aˆâ€ ¹Was Farrell aˆâ€ ¹Jarreau? aˆâ€ ¹ Waˆâ€ ¹as my aunt? aˆâ€ ¹Was Vivaˆâ€ ¹ian? aˆâ€ ¹No, his peaˆâ€ ¹ers did aˆâ€ ¹not justice hima蠈 ¢â‚¬ ¹aˆâ€ ¹aˆâ€ ¹ , and I will notaˆâ€ ¹ belieaˆâ€ ¹ve. † Grant delaies outside the schoolhouse for intelligence of Jefferson ‘s executing, Grant is intelligibly angry. From what he has experienced he has concluded that there must non be a God, because God would non let unfairnesss like Jefferson ‘s executing. The people closes to Jefferson had no say. Jefferson ‘s destiny was decided below the belt by white people. With this experience begun to understand his people a better. Grant is now being educated. Fictional character Grant 251